Developing Skills in Handling and Use of Digital Camera and LCD Projector

Developing Skills in Handling and Use of Digital Camera and LCD Projector - Practical Guide

Table of Contents

• Introduction and Importance
• Equipment Types and Features
• Basic Operation Procedures
• Core Principles and Elements
• Design and Implementation
• Maintenance and Troubleshooting
• Evaluation and Improvement
• Practical Assignments
• Frequently Asked Questions
• References and Further Reading

Bryan Peterson in "Understanding Exposure" emphasizes that "Mastering digital photography is not about having the most expensive equipment, but about understanding light, composition, and how to make your equipment work for your specific needs in agricultural documentation."

Reference: Peterson, B. (2010). Understanding Exposure: How to Shoot Great Photographs with Any Camera. Amphoto Books.

Tom Ang noted that "In extension work, a well-handled digital camera becomes more than a recording device - it becomes a tool for communication, evidence collection, and farmer engagement. Similarly, a properly used projector transforms meetings into engaging learning experiences."

Reference: Ang, T. (2014). Digital Photography Masterclass. DK Publishing.

Dr. Samuel Akpan states: "Visual documentation in agricultural extension serves not only as an educational tool but also as a means of preserving indigenous knowledge and tracking the progression of farming innovations over time. When extension workers master digital photography and projection, they bridge the gap between traditional farming wisdom and modern agricultural science."

Reference: Dr. Samuel Akpan, Journal of Agricultural Extension, 2021

Introduction and Importance

Digital Cameras and LCD Projectors are essential technological tools in modern agricultural extension work that significantly enhance communication, documentation, and presentation capabilities. A digital camera captures high-quality visual documentation of agricultural practices, crop conditions, and farmer activities, while an LCD projector enables effective presentation of visual materials to groups of farmers and stakeholders.

The integration of digital imaging and projection technology in agricultural extension represents a significant advancement from traditional methods, allowing for immediate visual documentation and dynamic group presentations that enhance learning and adoption of agricultural innovations.

Historical Development in Extension

The adoption of digital cameras in extension work began in the late 1990s with the transition from film to digital photography, while LCD projectors became common in the early 2000s as replacement for overhead and slide projectors. This technological evolution has transformed how extension workers document field activities and conduct training sessions, making visual communication more immediate, cost-effective, and impactful.

Importance in Modern Extension Work

• Visual Documentation: Capture high-quality images of crops, pests, diseases, and farming practices for analysis and reference
• Evidence-Based Communication: Provide visual proof of successful practices and demonstration results
• Enhanced Training: Create engaging visual presentations that improve knowledge retention
• Farmer Engagement: Use visuals to make technical information more accessible and interesting
• Program Monitoring: Document project progress and outcomes through systematic photography
• Knowledge Sharing: Create visual materials for farmer-to-farmer learning and extension publications
• Digital Literacy: Build essential technology skills among extension professionals and farmers

Research Evidence on Visual Communication Effectiveness:

• Visual Learning Theory: People remember 80% of what they see and do, compared to 20% of what they read and 10% of what they hear
• Dual Coding Theory: Information presented both visually and verbally is better remembered and understood
• Agricultural Studies: Farmers shown photographic evidence of successful practices show 45% higher adoption rates
• Training Effectiveness: Visual presentations increase knowledge retention by 35-45% compared to verbal-only sessions

Studies by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) indicate that extension messages accompanied by relevant visuals are 65% more likely to be remembered and implemented by farmers compared to verbal instructions alone (FAO, 2019).

Equipment Types and Features

Types of Digital Cameras for Extension Work

📱

Smartphone Cameras

Modern smartphones with high-resolution cameras, offering convenience, connectivity, and adequate quality for most extension documentation needs.

Key Features:

• 8-12+ megapixel resolution
• Built-in editing and sharing apps
• Multiple lens options (wide, telephoto, macro)
• GPS location tagging
• Instant sharing capabilities

📷

Point-and-Shoot Cameras

Compact digital cameras with automatic settings, suitable for extension workers who need better quality than smartphones without complexity.

Key Features:

• 12-20 megapixel resolution
• Optical zoom (3-10x)
• Automatic scene modes
• Image stabilization
• Macro capability for close-ups

🔍

DSLR/Mirrorless Cameras

Professional-grade cameras with interchangeable lenses, offering maximum control and image quality for detailed agricultural documentation.

Key Features:

• 20-45+ megapixel resolution
• Interchangeable lenses
• Manual control over settings
• Raw image format support
• Advanced focusing systems

🌧️

Rugged/Weatherproof Cameras

Designed to withstand harsh field conditions including dust, moisture, and temperature extremes.

Key Features:

• Water and dust resistance
• Shockproof construction
• Temperature tolerance
• Enhanced durability
• Field-ready design

Types of LCD Projectors for Extension Work

💼

Portable Projectors

Lightweight, compact projectors designed for mobility, ideal for field visits and small group presentations in rural settings.

Key Features:

• 2000-3000 lumens brightness
• HD resolution (1280x720 or 1920x1080)
• Built-in battery option
• Wireless connectivity
• Compact and lightweight design

🏢

Conference Room Projectors

Higher-powered projectors for larger meeting spaces and training rooms, offering better brightness and connectivity options.

Key Features:

• 3500-5000+ lumens brightness
• Full HD or 4K resolution
• Multiple input ports
• Network connectivity
• Long lamp life

🔋

Portable Smart Projectors

All-in-one projectors with built-in media players and battery power, suitable for areas without reliable electricity.

Key Features:

• Built-in media player and speakers
• Battery operation (2-4 hours)
• USB and SD card support
• Android/OS systems
• Compact all-in-one design

Technical Specifications Comparison

Feature	Basic Equipment	Advanced Equipment	Agricultural Application
Camera Resolution	12-16 MP	20+ MP	Detailed crop disease documentation
Optical Zoom	3-5x	10x+	Capturing distant subjects without distortion
Projector Brightness	2000-3000 lumens	3500+ lumens	Visible in well-lit farmer training spaces
Projector Resolution	SVGA (800x600)	XGA (1024x768) or higher	Clear display of detailed agricultural data
Connectivity	USB, HDMI	Wireless, multiple inputs	Flexibility in different field conditions

Basic Operation Procedures

Digital Camera Operation Steps

1. Equipment Preparation

   Fully charge the camera battery and ensure you have sufficient memory card space. Clean the lens with appropriate lens cleaning materials and check all camera settings are reset to default.

2. Basic Settings Configuration

   Set image quality to high (Fine or RAW if available), adjust ISO for lighting conditions (200-400 for daylight, 800-1600 for low light), and set white balance according to conditions (daylight, cloudy, shade).

3. Composition and Framing

   Apply basic composition rules: rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing. Ensure the main subject is clearly visible and the background is not distracting. For agricultural subjects, include scale references when needed.

4. Focus and Exposure

   Use autofocus for most situations, selecting the appropriate focus points. For manual control, adjust aperture for depth of field (f/8-f/11 for landscapes, f/2.8-f/5.6 for close-ups) and shutter speed to freeze motion (1/125s or faster).

5. Image Capture

   Hold the camera steady with both hands, elbows tucked in. Press the shutter button halfway to focus, then fully to capture. Take multiple shots from different angles and exposures for important subjects.

6. Review and Adjustment

   Immediately review captured images on the LCD screen. Check for focus accuracy, proper exposure, and composition. Delete poor quality images and retake if necessary.

7. Field Documentation Protocol

   For agricultural documentation, include location markers, date stamps, and scale references. Take overall shots, medium shots, and close-ups of each subject. Document both problems and solutions.

LCD Projector Operation Steps

1. Setup Preparation

   Choose an appropriate location with adequate power supply and sufficient wall/screen space. Ensure the room can be adequately darkened and has proper ventilation for the projector.

2. Equipment Connection

   Connect the projector to power source and to your presentation device (laptop, tablet, media player) using appropriate cables (HDMI, VGA). Ensure all connections are secure.

3. Positioning and Alignment

   Place the projector at correct distance from screen (check manual for throw distance). Adjust projector height and angle so the image is centered on the screen and rectangular.

4. Power On and Source Selection

   Turn on the projector and select the correct input source (HDMI, VGA, etc.). Allow the projector to warm up completely (1-2 minutes) before expecting optimal image quality.

5. Image Adjustment

   Use focus ring to sharpen the image. Adjust zoom if available. Use keystone correction to fix any trapezoidal distortion. Fine-tune brightness, contrast, and color settings as needed.

6. Presentation Delivery

   Start your presentation and ensure all content is visible and readable. Maintain eye contact with audience while occasionally checking the projection quality.

7. Proper Shutdown

   After presentation, turn off the projector but leave it running in cool-down mode until the fan stops completely. Disconnect cables carefully and pack equipment properly.

Camera Operation Checklist

✓ Battery fully charged and memory card formatted

✓ Lens cleaned and camera settings checked

✓ Appropriate shooting mode selected for conditions

✓ Stable shooting position and proper grip

✓ Focus confirmed before capturing image

✓ Multiple shots taken from different angles

✓ Images reviewed for quality and composition

Projector Operation Checklist

✓ Adequate power supply and extension cords available

✓ All necessary cables and connectors packed

✓ Presentation device fully charged or powered

✓ Projector positioned at correct distance and angle

✓ Image properly focused and aligned

✓ Backup presentation format available (USB, cloud)

✓ Proper cool-down time allowed before packing

Operation Do's

• Do read equipment manuals thoroughly before first use
• Do practice with equipment in controlled settings before field use
• Do carry spare batteries and memory cards for cameras
• Do allow projectors proper cool-down time after use
• Do clean equipment regularly with appropriate materials
• Do store equipment in protective cases when not in use
• Do backup important images immediately after capture

Operation Don'ts

• Don't touch camera lenses or projector optics with fingers
• Don't expose equipment to extreme temperatures or moisture
• Don't disconnect projector during cool-down period
• Don't force connections or use excessive pressure
• Don't use harsh chemicals for cleaning equipment
• Don't leave equipment unattended in field conditions
• Don't use equipment without proper training and practice

Core Principles and Elements

Mastering fundamental principles of photography and projection ensures that extension workers can effectively capture and present agricultural information.

Digital Photography Fundamentals

Composition Techniques

Effective composition makes agricultural photos more informative and engaging:

• Rule of Thirds: Position key elements along imaginary lines that divide the image into thirds
• Framing: Use natural elements like trees or fences to frame your subject
• Leading Lines: Use paths, rows of crops, or irrigation channels to guide the viewer's eye
• Scale Reference: Include familiar objects (people, tools) to show size relationships

Lighting Considerations

Proper lighting is crucial for clear agricultural documentation:

• Golden Hour: Shoot during early morning or late afternoon for soft, warm light
• Overcast Advantage: Cloudy days provide even lighting without harsh shadows
• Angle Awareness:
  • Side lighting emphasizes texture in soil or plant surfaces
  • Back lighting can highlight plant structure and translucency
  • Front lighting provides even illumination but can appear flat
• Artificial Lighting: Use flash sparingly in field conditions; reflectors can help fill shadows

Focus and Depth of Field

Controlling focus directs attention to the most important elements:

• Selective Focus: Use a wide aperture (low f-number) to blur backgrounds and emphasize subjects
• Deep Focus: Use a small aperture (high f-number) to keep entire scenes in focus for landscape shots
• Focus Points: Manually select focus points on key elements like diseased leaves or soil profiles
• Macro Photography: Use macro mode or lenses for extreme close-ups of insects, seeds, or plant details

Projection Essentials

Do's for Effective Projection

• Position projector perpendicular to the screen to avoid keystone distortion
• Ensure adequate brightness for the room lighting conditions
• Use high-contrast color schemes in presentations for better visibility
• Keep text large and minimal - follow the 6x6 rule (6 lines, 6 words per line)
• Test presentation on the actual projection screen before the session

Don'ts for Projection

• Don't block the projector's ventilation during extended use
• Avoid placing projector in direct sunlight or extreme temperatures
• Don't move the projector while it's hot - allow cooling time
• Avoid cluttered slides with excessive text or complex graphics
• Don't forget to have a backup plan for technical failures

Technical Reference: Understanding Projector Specifications

Lumens: Measure of brightness. For agricultural extension:

• 1500-2500 lumens: Small rooms with controlled lighting
• 3000-4000 lumens: Medium rooms with some ambient light
• 5000+ lumens: Large spaces or areas with significant ambient light

Resolution: Number of pixels displayed. Higher resolution provides sharper images:

• SVGA (800x600): Basic text and simple graphics
• XGA (1024x768): Standard for most extension presentations
• WXGA (1280x800) or higher: Detailed agricultural maps and images

Design and Implementation

Effective implementation combines technical skills with pedagogical approaches tailored to agricultural audiences.

Field Photography for Agricultural Documentation

1. Pre-shoot Planning

   Identify the key agricultural elements to document. Create a shot list that includes wide shots of fields, medium shots of practices, and close-ups of specific details like pests, diseases, or soil conditions.

2. Setting Up the Shot

   Consider background, lighting, and composition. Remove distracting elements from the frame. Use a tripod for stability when shooting in low light or for precise documentation shots.

3. Capturing Multiple Perspectives

   Shoot the same subject from different angles and distances. Include contextual shots that show the broader agricultural setting along with detailed close-ups.

4. Including Human Elements

   When appropriate, include farmers or extension workers in photos to show scale, demonstrate practices, and create connection with the audience.

5. Documenting Details

   Use macro settings for extreme close-ups of seeds, insects, leaf damage, or soil texture. Include reference objects like coins or rulers for scale.

Creating Effective Agricultural Presentations

Case Study: Communicating Pest Management

Extension worker James developed a presentation on integrated pest management for tomato farmers:

• Visual Strategy: Used high-quality photos of pest damage at different growth stages
• Comparison Slides: Showed side-by-side images of treated vs. untreated plants
• Farmer Testimonials: Included photos and quotes from successful adopters
• Simple Graphics: Used clear diagrams to explain pest life cycles
• Local Context: Featured local farmers and fields in all demonstration photos

This approach resulted in 40% higher adoption of recommended practices compared to traditional lecture methods.

Presentation Delivery Techniques

Effective Delivery Practices

• Face the audience while presenting, not the screen
• Use a remote control to advance slides without being tied to the computer
• Incorporate farmer questions and discussions throughout the presentation
• Use the "B" key to temporarily black out the screen when emphasizing key points
• Practice smooth transitions between technical content and farmer experiences

Common Delivery Mistakes

• Reading slides verbatim to the audience
• Using technical jargon without explanation
• Overloading slides with text or complex data
• Ignoring audience feedback or questions
• Rushing through content without pauses for reflection

"The most effective agricultural presentations don't just show farmers what to do—they show farmers like themselves successfully implementing practices in conditions similar to their own. This relatability transforms abstract concepts into actionable knowledge."

- Amina Jalloh, Senior Extension Specialist, West Africa

Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Digital Camera Maintenance

1. Regular Cleaning Routine

   Use a blower to remove dust from lens and body. Clean lens with lens cleaning solution and microfiber cloth. Wipe camera body with slightly damp cloth and dry thoroughly.

2. Battery Care and Management

   Charge batteries fully before storage. Avoid complete discharge. Store batteries in cool, dry place. Replace batteries showing signs of swelling or reduced capacity.

3. Memory Card Handling

   Format cards in camera rather than computer. Always turn off camera before removing memory card. Have multiple cards for backup during important field work.

4. Storage and Transportation

   Store cameras in padded cases with silica gel packs to control moisture. Remove batteries during long-term storage. Avoid leaving equipment in hot vehicles.

5. Firmware Updates

   Periodically check manufacturer website for firmware updates. Follow instructions carefully for updating camera software to ensure optimal performance.

LCD Projector Maintenance

1. Regular Filter Cleaning

   Check and clean air filters monthly or as recommended. Use compressed air or gentle brushing to remove dust. Replace filters according to manufacturer schedule.

2. Lens Care

   Use lens cleaning paper and solution specifically for optics. Always use blower first to remove loose dust. Store with lens cap on when not in use.

3. Lamp Life Management

   Monitor lamp usage hours. Avoid frequent on/off cycling. Allow proper cool-down before moving. Replace lamps when brightness noticeably decreases.

4. Ventilation Maintenance

   Ensure ventilation ports remain unobstructed. Operate in well-ventilated areas. Check that cooling fans are functioning properly during operation.

5. Proper Storage

   Store in original packaging or padded case. Include silica gel packs to control humidity. Store in climate-controlled environment when possible.

Common Camera Problems and Solutions

Solutions

• Blurry Images: Increase shutter speed, use tripod, enable image stabilization
• Dark Images: Increase ISO, use flash, adjust exposure compensation
• Battery Drain: Carry spare batteries, disable unnecessary features
• Memory Card Errors: Format card in camera, try different card
• Autofocus Issues: Clean focus sensors, use manual focus, ensure adequate light

Common Problems

• Camera Won't Turn On: Check battery, connections, power switch
• Error Messages: Consult manual, remove and reinsert battery
• Poor Image Quality: Clean lens, check settings, ensure adequate light
• Connectivity Issues: Update drivers, try different cables/ports
• Storage Problems: Format card, check for compatibility issues

Common Projector Problems and Solutions

Solutions

• No Power: Check power cable, outlet, and power switch
• No Signal: Verify input source, check cables, restart devices
• Dim Image: Check lamp hours, replace if necessary, adjust brightness
• Color Issues: Reset color settings, check connections, replace cable
• Overheating: Clean filters, ensure proper ventilation, allow cool-down

Common Problems

• Projector Not Turning On: Power issues, faulty cable, internal failure
• Flickering Image: Lamp issues, connection problems, power fluctuations
• Distorted Image: Keystone issues, positioning problems, lens alignment
• Unusual Noises: Fan issues, dust accumulation, mechanical problems
• Image Artifacts: Dirty lens, damaged LCD panels, connection issues

Evaluation and Improvement

Continuous evaluation and improvement ensure that visual communication methods remain effective and relevant to farmer needs.

Quality Assessment Framework

Photography Quality Checklist

✓ Images are in sharp focus with clear details

✓ Proper exposure without blown highlights or blocked shadows

✓ Composition effectively directs attention to the subject

✓ Color representation is accurate and natural

✓ Images tell a clear agricultural story or demonstrate a specific practice

Presentation Effectiveness Checklist

✓ Content is relevant to local agricultural conditions

✓ Visuals are clear and visible from all parts of the room

✓ Presentation pace allows for farmer questions and discussion

✓ Technical terms are explained in local language equivalents

✓ Farmers can articulate key takeaways after the session

Continuous Improvement Cycle

1. Documentation

   Keep records of which visuals and presentation approaches were most effective with different farmer groups and topics.

2. Analysis

   Review feedback and outcomes to identify patterns in what works and what doesn't in your specific agricultural context.

3. Adaptation

   Modify your visual approach based on analysis, creating new images or adjusting presentation styles.

4. Implementation

   Apply improved visual communication strategies in future extension activities.

5. Re-evaluation

   Continue the cycle by gathering new feedback on the adapted approaches.

Practical Assignments

These hands-on exercises are designed to build competency in using digital cameras and projectors for agricultural extension work.

Assignment 1: Agricultural Documentation Portfolio

Objective

Develop skills in capturing high-quality agricultural images that effectively communicate farming practices and challenges.

Tasks

1. Capture a series of 15-20 photographs documenting a complete agricultural practice (e.g., seed preparation, planting, pest management, harvest)
2. Include the following shot types:
   • 3 wide shots establishing context
   • 5 medium shots showing the practice in action
   • 5 close-up shots highlighting details
   • 2 comparison shots (before/after, treated/untreated)
   • 3 shots incorporating human elements
3. Write brief captions (1-2 sentences) for each image explaining the agricultural significance
4. Organize the images into a logical sequence that tells a complete story

Evaluation Criteria

• Technical quality (focus, exposure, composition)
• Agricultural relevance and accuracy
• Effectiveness in communicating the practice
• Sequencing and narrative flow

Assignment 2: Farmer-Centered Presentation

Objective

Create and deliver an effective presentation using a digital projector that addresses a specific agricultural challenge relevant to local farmers.

Tasks

1. Select a pressing agricultural issue in your community
2. Develop a 10-15 slide presentation that:
   • Uses primarily visual content (photos, diagrams, minimal text)
   • Explains the issue clearly using local examples
   • Presents practical solutions with visual evidence
   • Includes farmer testimonials or case studies
3. Practice delivering the presentation to a small group
4. Present to an actual or simulated farmer audience using a projector
5. Incorporate audience interaction and questions throughout

Evaluation Criteria

• Clarity and visibility of projected content
• Relevance to farmer needs and context
• Effectiveness of visual communication
• Engagement with the audience
• Practical applicability of information presented

Critical Reflection Questions

1. How does the quality of visual documentation impact the credibility of extension messages?
2. What ethical considerations should guide photography of farmers and their practices?
3. How can extension workers adapt visual communication for audiences with varying literacy levels?
4. What strategies can overcome technical challenges (power outages, equipment failures) during field presentations?
5. How might cultural factors influence the interpretation of agricultural images in different communities?

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the minimum camera specification needed for quality agricultural documentation?

For most extension work, a camera with 12-16 megapixels, optical zoom of 5x or more, and manual controls for focus and exposure will suffice. The ability to shoot in RAW format is beneficial for scientific documentation but not essential for general extension purposes. More important than specifications is understanding how to use your camera effectively in various field conditions.

How can I get clear photos of fast-moving subjects like insects or animals?

Use these techniques for moving subjects:

• Switch to shutter priority mode and use a fast shutter speed (1/500 sec or faster)
• Increase ISO setting to allow faster shutter speeds in lower light
• Use continuous shooting mode to capture multiple frames in quick succession
• Pre-focus on an area where you expect the subject to appear
• For insects, early morning is ideal when they're less active due to cooler temperatures

What should I do when my projector shows a "no signal" message?

Follow this troubleshooting sequence:

1. Check that all cables are securely connected at both ends
2. Ensure the projector is set to the correct input source (HDMI, VGA, etc.)
3. Try a different cable or port on your computer
4. Restart both the projector and the source device
5. Check display settings on your computer to extend or duplicate display to the projector
6. Try connecting a different device to isolate where the problem lies

Always have a backup plan such as printed materials or the ability to gather farmers around a laptop screen.

How can I protect my equipment in harsh field conditions?

Equipment protection strategies include:

• Use weather-sealed bags or cases with silica gel packets to control moisture
• Keep equipment in shaded areas when not in use to prevent overheating
• Clean lenses regularly with appropriate tools (blower brush, lens cloth)
• When moving between temperature extremes, allow equipment to acclimate slowly in its case
• Use UV filters on camera lenses to protect against dust and scratches
• Consider investing in ruggedized equipment if working frequently in challenging environments

What are the copyright considerations for using agricultural photos?

Always respect intellectual property rights:

• When photographing people, obtain verbal or written consent, especially if images will be publicly shared
• When using others' photos, ensure you have permission or that they are openly licensed
• Provide attribution when using others' work, even with permission
• Consider creating a simple photo release form for farmer portraits
• Be sensitive to cultural property rights—some indigenous knowledge may have restrictions on documentation
• When in doubt, create your own original photos for extension materials

References and Further Reading

Academic References

• Food and Agriculture Organization. (2019). Visual Communication in Agricultural Extension: A Practical Guide. Rome: FAO.
• Chambers, R. (2020). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London: Routledge.
• Akpan, S. (2021). "Digital Storytelling in Agricultural Extension: A Case Study from Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension, 25(2), 45-62.
• Mundy, P., & Sultan, J. (2018). Information Revolutions: How Information and Communication Management Is Changing Agriculture. Wageningen: CTA.
• Van Mele, P. (2019). "Video-mediated farmer learning: Enhancing sustainable agricultural practices." International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 17(3), 195-211.
• Peterson, B. (2010). Understanding Exposure: How to Shoot Great Photographs with Any Camera. Amphoto Books.
• Ang, T. (2014). Digital Photography Masterclass. DK Publishing.

Technical Manuals and Guides

• International Fund for Agricultural Development. (2020). Visual Tools for Participatory Rural Appraisal. Rome: IFAD.
• World Bank. (2018). Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment Sourcebook. Washington: World Bank Publications.
• Extension Foundation. (2022). Digital Photography Handbook for Extension Professionals.

Online Resources

• FAO e-learning Academy: Digital Agriculture
• Agricultural Extension in South Asia (AESA) portal
• Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS) resources
• Digital Green farmer-to-farmer video extension platform

Additional Learning Opportunities

Consider these practical courses to further develop your skills:

• Agricultural Photography Workshops offered by regional agricultural universities
• Digital Storytelling for Development practitioners (online course)
• Participatory Video for Rural Development training programs
• ICT for Agriculture extension specialist certification

© Agricultural Extension Education Program | Digital Camera and LCD Projector Practical Notes

This educational module is designed for use in agricultural extension training programs.